Big spenders
In April 2020 the Stockholm
International Peace Research Institute published its figures on military
expenditures on 2019 for individual countries. Although a inflation corrected
currency was used, these figures were never as high as in the most recent
period. SIPRI calculates that total NATO spending was $1,035 billion in 2019
(54 per cent of world total), but a figure for the European Union is not
provided. According to the SIPRI
table for military expenditures the combined EU-28 (UK still in) for 2019
is $ 278.3 billion (up 4.5% from 2018). The total military expenditure of the
EU member states is 2nd after the United States, and comes before China ($
261 bn).
It is clear the European Union is not a single power, with one foreign policy and combined armed forces. It is however striving to integrate as much as possible its military and defence industrial assets and proceeds on that path. The Union members are in general integrated in the power structures of the 'West'. For that reason ranking the combined European Union spending on defence as 2nd to the United States is logical. Some will react with the response that in 2020 the UK has left the European Union, but the country wants to maintain part as much as possible of Union and is tightly integrated in its structures and also part of NATO, which covers roughly the EU and US (minus Finland and Sweden and plus Canada Norway, Turkey, and UK).
It is clear the European Union is not a single power, with one foreign policy and combined armed forces. It is however striving to integrate as much as possible its military and defence industrial assets and proceeds on that path. The Union members are in general integrated in the power structures of the 'West'. For that reason ranking the combined European Union spending on defence as 2nd to the United States is logical. Some will react with the response that in 2020 the UK has left the European Union, but the country wants to maintain part as much as possible of Union and is tightly integrated in its structures and also part of NATO, which covers roughly the EU and US (minus Finland and Sweden and plus Canada Norway, Turkey, and UK).
Invisible enemy
But then the world was struck by an enemy not even visible with the naked eye. European Commissioners where quick to forward the importance of the military industry, like EU High representative Joseph Borell: “EU countries should avoid slashing defence spending under pressure from the economic fallout of the coronavirus” the EU’s chief diplomat said on May13, warning that the COVID-19 crisis could spark unforeseen security challenges. Like China slowing down its military budget growth? Or the US even further eroding the international security structures?
But then the world was struck by an enemy not even visible with the naked eye. European Commissioners where quick to forward the importance of the military industry, like EU High representative Joseph Borell: “EU countries should avoid slashing defence spending under pressure from the economic fallout of the coronavirus” the EU’s chief diplomat said on May13, warning that the COVID-19 crisis could spark unforeseen security challenges. Like China slowing down its military budget growth? Or the US even further eroding the international security structures?
Another voice in the militarise Europe choir is the newly appointed
chairman of the European Defence Agency (EDA), Jiří
Šedivý. As a gymnast he bends and turns, so that even budget
constrains are an argument for continuous spending: “The current global
COVID-19 pandemic and its economic, budgetary and security-related
repercussions make EU defence cooperation even more indispensable. New
challenges notwithstanding, we must preserve the continuity and dynamics in
the area of collaborative defence capability development. Therefore, and
perhaps more than before, we need a strong, effective and reliable Agency
supporting its Member States, enhancing cooperation with all relevant EU
bodies and institutions as well as partners.”
Economic instrument
Words like these are echoed by national Ministers, like French Minister of
Defence Florence Parly, who said during
a video conference of European Union defence ministers held on 12 May
that the EU has “to build and finance the military capabilities and
technologies that Europe requires; and to maintain an ambitious budget
for the European Defence Fund, which is a key instrument for supporting the
defence industry and, in this way, driving economic recovery across EU
nations.” France has some self interest in a European Union
military policy, like in the creation of a 'naval
Airbus,' which possibilities to be succeed are advanced by Covid-19.
France, together with Germany and Spain, is also advancing
on a European fighter jet (FCAS) for the future.
It is not only at the European level the weapon industry is supported, but
also nationally. The Romanian government for example states that links between the Ministry
of Defence, Economics and the military support are strong and that it
will help the industry by acquisitions of Romanian produce, and by
involvement, including in the area of research and retooling.
Heavy weights from the French and German aeronautic industries, Eric
Trapper, CEO of Dassault Aviation and chairman of GIFAS and his German colleague Dirk Hoke CEO
of Airbus Defence and Space and president of the German Aerospace Association
BDLI together gave a press
conference to forward the interests of their industries. They want
military and aeronautic programs fastened and especially the program for
FCAS: "It would be a major mistake to decrease military
expenditures” Hoke said. They defended the Defence Fund of the
European Union to stay at the initially proposed € 13 billion high.
Political decisions
In the Netherlands both the Netherlands Industry for Security and Defence
(NIVD) and civil military Netherlands Maritime Technology (NMT) aim
for a support packet. They succeeded in part, tailor-made solutions in
case of financial problems and during tenders may be possible, but the major
demand to forward military acquisitions failed. The MoD just does
not have the financial and human resources to fulfil the desires of the
arms industry. The Dutch
Minister of Defence warned that keeping supplies (like food
and ammunition) for foreign operations are the priority. The Ministry is
studying what supplies are needed for internal and external military tasks,
costing billions.
In the EU the fight for the military budgets is continuing. The last proposal of a European Defence Fund budget, with € 8 billion, took the middle road. Nor the
€ 6 billion as proposed by Finland, neither the € 7 billion as
proposed by President of the European Council Charles
Michel, but also not the € 13 billion as defence industrialists and
officials like Joseph Borell wanted. “Every Euro spent in military
is a lost Euro for urgent needs like climate change or health”
reacted the European Network Against Arms Trade (ENAAT) on
twitter.
A health problem, not a war
The current enemy travels with the speed of a cough and passes from hand
to hand. It is an enemy combated with gloves, soap, masks, IC-beds, and with
knowledge and the agreements in society to keep distance and limit its
effects. No submarines, no combat helicopters, not even a bullet from the
barrel of a gun. It is not a war, it is a health problem. The military did
help, but like other sectors of society that were involved in the common
task: scientists, supermarket personnel, medics, truckers, teachers. But
there is little chance that the security paradigm will shift away from a
military dominated approach to one which has human security at its centre when
those in power continue to push for an ‘ambitious’ EU Defence
Fund for 2021-2027.
According to the Global Risks Report 2019 by the World Economic Forum, the
top 3 risks in terms of likelihood are all environmental (extreme weather
events, climate change, natural disasters). Armament provides us with little
protection against these. And even in the US it starts to land that the
current times could “yield a different sort of long-term impact on
the military (…) a possible reduction in military spending resulting
from the country’s emerging economic meltdown” as was
commented in the Washington Post. Even in the country where the military
giant lives, the United States of America, the word goes around that the
military trees can no longer reach for the skies. They need some pruning.
Human security
When focussing on armaments, the current times asks for the Worlds'
largest trade block to enforce a return to a security climate where arms
control is the leading principle – and dares to demand so from its
peers in Beijing and
Washington – not higher military expenditures and more arms
acquisitions. The real litmus test for the European Union is not how it can
support its defence industry, but how it can support its citizens from East to West and
North to South in a response to the COVID-crises.
Martin Broek 05/2020
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